The Impact of Globalization on Poor Countries

The Impact of Globalization on Poor Countries Globalization refers to integration of regional societies, cultures and economies through reduction of state enforced limitations on exchanges between different countries thereby enhancing a global network of trade and communication. While globalization is driven by interaction of different, economies, technology, political factors and social cultures, the term is in most cases used to refer to economic globalization where different countries economies become integrated into an international economy through a globe spanning network of trade, migration, foreign trade investments, technology and capital flows. Globalization also involves transnational exchange of ideas, languages and acculturation (Amin, 2004). Globalization history can be traced from the Hellenistic age and the rise of cosmopolitan when commercialized urban centers of Greek culture like Athens, Antioch and Alexandria enhanced a widespread of trade and commercial links. Globalization continued with the colonization of Americans by Europeans which initiated the Columbian exchange enhancing a wide spread of crops, trade and human populations and migration. Globalization however got its modern form in 19th century shaped by imperialism when industrialization brought about economies of scale which made cheap production which was sustained by increased population demand. Its argued that the forces of globalization enhanced the world war (Barkema Drogendijk, 2007). Globalization as used by different economists and social scientists can be traced back in 1960s and has inspired diverse and numerous definitions and understanding. Globalization and internationalization are interchangeably used; the only distinction in the usage of the two terms is that internationalization is more focused on international relations, trade and treaties which are driven by labor and capital mobility. Globalization as used in economic context refers to reduction and elimination of barriers between different countries economies in away that flow of goods and services capital and labor is facilitated. Some of the things that slowdown globalization include countries political and capital policies which are inward looking and focused to protection of countries industries (Wood,1998).To enhance globalization microeconomics processes need to be focused on economic policies, political subjectivity, capital and other different dynamics and domains so as to denationalize what has been made national. Globalization is seen as a way of flattening the world into global system of trade, supply chain and outsourcing and this has greatly and permanently changed countries economies, political forces both in a good and a bad way. The rate of globalization is increasing and continues to have a rising impact on business practice and commercial organization, giving a neoliberal kind of international economic systems (Beall, 2004). Rapid expansion of transnational corporations in U.S and Europe has given rise to systematic trend of economies growth and die dynamics which are the main drives of the quickening globalization which has stand the counter tendency changes and forces that emanate from trade union actions and political activities. Globalization has become an irreversible phenomenon whose long history in market economic systems has given rise to transnational elites and political globalization which has phased out the traditional form of powerful-nation states, globalization has given rise to cultural and ideological homogenization worldwide coupled with significant inventions. Globalization has largely been driven by political planning which has seen a breakdown of trade borders and increasing interdependence of states through international commerce and trade and the establishment of international institutions to manage the globalization process. These institutions include the World Bank (formerly know n as bank for International Reconstruction and Development), World Trade Organization and International Monetary Fund. Advanced Technology has greatly reduced the trade and negotiation cost through agreed trade tariffs which have seen the possibility of free trade among different countries (Ostry, 1998). Some of the actions involved in the General Agreement on Trade Tariffs include elimination of trade tariffs creating free trade zones, lowering the transportation costs and enhancing containerization which has made Ocean hipping in different countries possible, introduction of harmonized trade subsidies globally which has attracted different corporations in the international market. Increased restrictions in the harmonized intellectual property laws have also seen a great breakthrough for free trade such that intellectual properties and patents are recognized across states. Trade treaties enhanced by the WTO like the Uruguay Round which has introduced a uniform trading platform, oth er multilateral and bilateral agreements on trade like North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) have greatly reduced the trade tariffs and barriers and enhanced free trade and given a  Ã‚   rise in world exports and the total gross world product (Lazear, 1999). Advanced communication technology; mobile pone and other computer software technology spread among countries which have made communication cheap and possible among countries, and worldwide marketing has greatly driven cultural globalization with western American culture dominating most regions in expense of the traditional diversity. The contrasting trend led by movements in protest to globalization has not given any fruits in its defense for local individuality uniqueness and identity (Yeung, 2002). According to Rothstein (2005), various economic characteristics of globalization like capital, labor, technology and exports and imports, we can easily measure globalization if we take it as economic globalization. Exports and imports can be determined as a proportion gross national income while labor can be determined as net migration rates flow; weighted by population inward and outward flow. Inward and outward capital flow can be determined through investment as a proportion of per capital income while technology can be measured in terms of worldwide research as well as development flows and the rates of change noted through inventions that has given new products in telephone, motor vehicle and broadband industries (Knaude, 2001). However globalization is not economic phenomenon only and therefore requires a multivariate approach in taking its measurement. Swiss index has taken into consideration three key dimensions of globalization as political, economic and cultural effects taking some sub-indices like economic flows and restrictions, personal contact data, information flow and cultural proximity data which are available on annual basis. According to the Swiss index, Belgium is the most globalized country worldwide followed by Austria and Sweden while United Kingdom comes fourth followed by Netherlands (Agell, 1999). The Index has shown that Haiti is the least globalized countries followed by Myanmar and Burundi. Globalization has given forth to good and bad aspects which have affected countries in different ways. Movement of production materials and manufactured goods has given rise to emergence of worldwide markets and given consumers and firms a broader access to foreign products. The trade between China and Africa particularly has rise seven times fro the period between 2000 and 2007. Emergence of international financial markets has given customers worldwide access to external finance. This has however grown fast than the transnational regulatory regime and given rise to instability in the worldwide financial infrastructure as evidenced by the current financial crisis (Mishkin, 2009). Realization of a worldwide market where goods and capital are free exchange has a great economic realization while its interconnectedness would give great effects in case of one economy collapsing. For instance, every worldwide IT company has established its market in India, if Indias economy collapses this would have the adverse effects spread amongst many other economies (Buckley Ghauri, 2004). Globalization has greatly affected the health systems on a global scale where health has became a trade commodity especially in developing nations following the structural adjustment programs which have seen the health sector privatized and the health policy largely fragmented due to various private interests which have focused on partnerships as a way to fight the various problems instead of a comprehensive health strategy. Health policy has greatly been affected by the global trade and economy driven by the technological advancement which has given innovative medical care trade. At time the global priorities have run over the nation health care priorities making the health infrastructure more valuable to public the privatized form of health care which largely focuses on the wealthy (Dunning, 1998). Globalization has led to creation of governments with relaxed relationships and guaranteed social and economic rights. United State has over time taken a powerful position following its strong and wealthy economy. The republic of China has experienced rapid growth following globalization and with support from the United States. Economists have projected that if Chinas growth is maintained at that rate, this would bring a great change world wide in the next twenty years since it will mean power reallocation among world leaders with China being one of the wealthy and industrialized nations and this will rival the United States worldwide powerful position (Jones, 2008). Increased Informational flow between different geographical locations has brought technological change with the introduction of fibre optic communications and improved accessibility via telephone and Internet facility. Globalization has also increased competition due to worldwide market which has challenged different companies and industries to improve their products and skillfully use technology. Globalization has brought various ecological changes and environmental challenges due to cross boundary pollution of water and air and the overfishing of oceans as well as spread species which are invasive. This can be faced out through international cooperation, but its noted that most factories run their plants in developing nations where environmental regulations are lenient. As such globalization and free trade has largely increased pollution in these countries and deteriorated peoples standard of living. The world ecological capacity has proved insufficient to handle the ambitions of C hina, U.S, and Europe among other countries sustainably. Also globalization would bring about depletion of resources like zinc, terbium and indium, if U.S, China and India continue with the current consumption this would lead to conflict over diminishing natural-resources (Casson, 1996).   One classic cultural aspect of globalization is food consumption whereby people in China can be consuming American food while those in Africa can be consuming Italian meals. McDonalds is one of the American food companies with a global network of 31,000 locations worldwide and has had great cultural influence globally. In addition to international travel, migration and tourism internet has broken down cultural borders worldwide through enabling interaction and communication among people from different state, thus sharing different lifestyles and cultures even beyond the language barriers by use of photo sharing websites. Globalization has led to spread of multiculturalism where some come local cultures have been assimilated and others have been supplanted (Taylor, 2008). Globalization has however faced significant opposition internationally arguing that it has lowered the quality of life and increased the environmental degradation by reducing the competitiveness of some countries industries, and perhaps agriculture in nations that have not yet adapted to the changes brought by globalization (Daryl, 2009). The flow of information, products and people across countries has led to spread of deadliest diseases like HIV/Aids which still remain a top cause of death especially in Asia and Africa while the infectious disease actually began in America. Also, globalization played vital role in the recent bird flue which spread to different nations and killed several. Other diseases whose spread has been fueled by globalization include the chagas disease and tuberculosis (Bernstein Cashore, 2000). Globalization has created opportunities in developed and rich nations thereby driving talent from poor countries which has led to brain drains. This has cost Africa continent approximately $4.1 billion expatriate professionals yearly. Globalization negative economic liberalization effects are also manifested by the global financial crisis which has been as a result of interconnected states forming global economic system such as the crumple of subprime financial or mortgage market in U.S. The flow of products like televisions, textiles and others in the U.S have fueled expansion of Asian economies but has as well raised great criticism against Chinese textile products in Europe as well as in African countries (Levy-Livermore, 1999). For instance, the influx of Chinese textile goods in South Africa has led to loss of jobs by textile workers in that industry. Different studies show that, globalization has not fought Income disparity and food insecurity such that the three richest people worldwide owns more financial assets than what 10% of the poorest world population possess. For example, in sub-Saharan basin Africa communities continue to live in extreme poverty with studies indicating that almost half of children population in India is undernourished. Globalization opens door for a poor country to reach international market, and as such large corporations have taken advantage of such economies to facilitate export poverty such that they invest in these nations due to low wage rates and if the countries labor laws are changed in favor of employees the corporations close down and relocate to other countries with conservative economic policies (Zander Mathews, 2007). In conclusion, critics argue that globalization has led most poor countries suffer disadvantages since their exports are mainly agricultural products and they are unable to offer their producers subsidies which are enjoyed in the developed nations thereby lowering the prices for poor producers. Globalization also leads to exploitation of workers who are impoverished in these poor countries through cheap labor and weak labor unions (Taylor, 2008). Globalization is mediated depending of corporate interests which results to alternative institutional policies that address moral claims for both the poor and working population and environmental concerns in an equitable way. References Agell, J. (Feb, 1999). On the Benefits from Rigid Labour Markets: Norms, Market Failures, and Social Insurance .The Economic Journal. 109(453): 143-164. Amin, A. (Jun., 2004). Regulating Economic Globalization. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers. 29(2): 217-233 Barkema, H, G Drogendijk, R. (Dec., 2007). Internationalizing in Small, Incremental or Larger Steps? Journal of International Business Studies. 38(7): 1132-1148 Beall, J. (June 2004). Rethinking Globalization. Journal of Southern African Studies. 302(2):408-409 Bernstein, S Cashore, B.   (Mar., 2000). Globalization, Four Paths of Internationalization and Domestic Policy Change: The Case of EcoForestry in British Columbia, Canada. Canadian Journal of Political Science 33(1):67-99 Buckley, P.J Ghauri, P N. (Mar, 2004). Globalization, Economic Geography and the Strategy of Multinational Enterprises. Journal of International Business Studies. 35(2):81-98 Casson, M. (1996).   An Economic Model of International Joint Venture Strategy. Journal of International Business Studies. 27(5): 849-876. Daryl, C. (2009). Transformational public diplomacy: Rethinking advocacy for the globalisationage. Place Branding Public Diplomacy. 5(2): 97-102. Dunning, J. H. (Sep., 1998). Governments, Globalization, and International Business. The Economic Journal. 108(450):1599-1601. Jones, A. (Jan 2008). The Rise of Global Work Transactions of the Institute of British   Geographers, New Series. 33(1): 12-26. Knaude, S. (Dec., 2001). Globalisation, Urban Progress, Urban Problems, Rural Disadvantages: Evidence from Mozambique. The Journal of Modern African Studies.39 (4):722-723 Lazear, E, P. (Mar., 1999). Globalization and the Market for Team-Mates The Economic Journal. 109(454):15-40 Levy-Livermore, A. (Jun., 1999). Reviewed work(s): Handbook on the Globalization of the World Economy. The Economic Journal .109(456):506-508. Mishkin, F, S. (Feb, 2009). Globalization, macroeconomic performance, and money policy. Journal of Money, Credit Banking (Blackwell).41(1):187-196. Ostry, S (Jan, 1998). Technology, Productivity and the Multinational Enterprise. Journal of International Business Studies. 29(1): 85-99 Rothstein, J.S. ((Sep., 2005). Economic Development Policymaking down the Global Commodity Chain: Attracting an Auto Industry to Silao, Mexico.   Journal of Social Forces. 84(1): 49-69. Taylor, P. J.   (Jan, 2008). City-States and Globalization: A Reply to Sidaway. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers. 33(1):152-153 Wood, A. (Sep., 1998). Globalization and the Rise in Labour Market Inequalities Economic Journal, 108(450): 1463-1482. Yeung, H. W. (Jul., 2002). The Limits to Globalization Theory: A Geographic Perspective on Global Economic Change  Ã‚   Economic Geography. 78 (3): 285-305   Zander, I Mathews, J.A. (May, 2007). The International Entrepreneurial Dynamics of Accelerated Internationalization.   Journal of International Business Studies. 38(3):387-403

Determinants of Intelligence Test Scores

Determinants of intelligence test scores Heredity Is the passing of traits to offspring (from its parent or ancestors)? This is the process by which an offspring  cell  or  organism  acquires or becomes predisposed to the characteristics of its parent cell or organism. Through heredity, variations exhibited by individuals can accumulate and cause some  species  to evolve. The study of heredity in  biology  is called  genetics, which includes the field of  epigenetic. Social Refers to a characteristic of living  organisms  as applied to populations of humans and other animals.It always refers to the interaction of organisms with other organisms and to their collective co-existence, irrespective of whether they are aware of it or not, and irrespective of whether the interaction is  voluntary  or  involuntary. Education In its broadest, general sense is the means through which the aims and habits of a group of people sustain from one generation to the next. [1]  Generally, it occurs through any experience  that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts.In its narrow, technical sense, education is the formal process by which society deliberately transmits its accumulated  knowledge,  skills,  customs  and  values  from one generation to another, e. g. instruction in schools. A right to education has been created and recognized by some jurisdictions: Since 1952, Article 2 of the first Protocol to the  European Convention on Human Rights  obliges all signatory parties to guarantee the right to education. At the global level, the  Nations’ International  of 1966 guarantees this right under its Article 13.Maturation Maturation is the process of learning to cope and react in an emotionally appropriate way. It does not necessarily happen along with aging or physical growth, but is a part of growth and development. A situation a person must deal with at a young age prepares them for the next a nd so on into adulthood. Maturation does not stop when physical growth ends – it continues through adulthood. An adult who loses a parent, for instance, learns to cope with a new emotional situation that will affect the way he or she deals with ituations that follow. physical factor A factor in the  a biotic  environment that influences the growth and development of organisms or biological  communities. Personality psychology Is a branch of  psychology  that studies personality and individual differences. Its areas of focus include: * Constructing a coherent picture of the  individual  and his or her major psychological processes * Investigating individual differences—how people are unique * Investigating  human nature—how people are alike Personality† can be defined as a dynamic and organized set of characteristics possessed by a person that uniquely influences his or her  cognitions,  emotions,  motivations, andbehaviors  in vario us situations. The word â€Å"personality† originates from the  Latin  persona, which means  mask. Significantly, in the  theatre  of the ancient Latin-speaking world, themask  was not used as a plot device to  disguise  the identity of a character, but rather was a convention employed to represent or  typify  that character.Personality may also refer to the patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviors consistently exhibited by an individual over time that strongly influence our expectations, self-perceptions, values and attitudes, and predicts our reactions to people, problems and stress. In a phrase, personality is not just who we are,  Gordon Allport  (1937) described two major ways to study personality: the nomothetic and the  idiographic. Nomothetic psychology  seeks general laws that can be applied to many different people, such as the principle of  self-actualization, or the trait ofextraversion.Idiographic psychology  is an attempt to u nderstand the unique aspects of a particular individual. The study of personality has a broad and varied history in psychology, with an abundance of theoretical traditions. The major theories include dispositional (trait) perspective, psychodynamic, humanistic, biological, behaviorist and social learning perspective. There is no consensus on the definition of â€Å"personality† in psychology. Most researchers and psychologists do not explicitly identify themselves with a certain perspective and often take an eclectic approach.Some research is empirically driven such as dimensional models based on  multivariate statistics  such as  factor analysis, whereas other research emphasizes theory development such as  psychodynamics. There is also a substantial emphasis on the applied field of personality testing. In psychological education and training, the study of the nature of personality and its psychological development is usually reviewed as a prerequisite to courses in abnormal or clinical psychology. Abilities associatedSpatial visualization ability  or  Visual-spatial ability  is the ability to mentally manipulate  2-dimensional  and  3-dimensional  figures. It is typically measured with simple  cognitive tests  and is predictive of user performance with some kinds of  user interfaces. Verbal fluency tests  are a kind of  psychological test  in which participants have to say as many words as possible from a category in a given time (usually 60 seconds). This category can be  semantic, such as animals or fruits, or  phonemic, such as words that begin with letter  p. 1]  The semantic fluency test is sometimes described as the category fluency test or simply as ‘freelisting'. The COWAT (Controlled oral word association test) is the most employed phonetic variant. [2][3]  Although the most common performance measure is the total number of words, other analyses such as number of repetitions, number and length of clusters of words from the same semantic or phonetic subcategory, or number of switches to other categories can be carried out. 4][5] Verbal comprehension  is the ability to understand the  meaning  of  verbal stimuli. This may involve  listening comprehension,  reading comprehension  as well as  sentence comprehension  . Inductive reasoning, also known as  induction, is a kind of  reasoning  that constructs or evaluates general  propositions  that are derived from specific examples. Inductive reasoning contrasts with  deductive reasoning, in which specific examples are derived from general propositions.

Purchasing a Custom Written Paper

Do you have a major assignment coming up? Are you considering purchasing a custom-written paper, but dont know if you should? Here are some of the pros and cons weighed out for you to help make your decision easier: PRO: You can take it easy The biggest advantage to buying custom written papers is that you can sit back and relax and have your paper written for you. Or maybe you have too many assignments creeping up all at once. Maybe youve fallen ill and need a little extra help. Having a custom paper written for you eases your workload. CON: You didnt write it Yup, this is the big one. There are some ethical dilemmas when purchasing work. Your professor or employer is accepting your paper with the assumption that it is all your own work. And its not. You can certainly purchase papers to get an idea of what you can write, and then do the work yourself. But the vast majority of people who purchase papers will then hand them in as their own work. You didnt steal the work, or copy it. You purchased it, which is at least legal. You have to ask yourself if you feel dishonest by handing in a custom-written paper. PRO: Custom writing by skilled writers Most sites now give you the freedom to request exactly what you need for your assignment, right down to structure, length, style, wording, or topic. No more searching through huge databases of prewritten essays, hoping one might fit. Get exactly what you want, and by the exact deadline you want. Best of all, most sites hire writers with graduate degrees in the topics you are writing about, so you are all but guaranteed top quality work. CON: Not all custom-essay sites are the same While most custom-essay sites check papers for plagiarism before handing it to the customer, some do not. Some dont employ native English speakers. There are a lot of sites out there, so take the time to do a little research. Do you have friends who have used a site successfully? Do you see comments on blogs or on the web about certain sites? Do a little homework to find a good custom writing service website and company, because not all companies are the same. And remember the site with the lowest rates may not necessarily be the best. It is a challenge to decide whether or not you want a custom-written paper. But with a little looking, you can find the right site that will provide you with high quality work from trained scholars. But if you dont have a lot of time, or desperately need that A, then custom-written papers can definitely get you out of a jam.

Descriptive Essay - Original Writing - 1743 Words

The smell of freshly cut grass enveloped my nose as I enduringly waited for Nicholas outside of the apartment building, at the same time struggling to hamper down the brim of my attire. I felt all raged up right after I piled out of bed today considering that Abby offered me to wear a skimpy rose-colored dress and decided to embellish my face by putting minimal makeup. To be frank; I only suit up mostly jeans and a plain shirt since I like to be complacent with what I m wearing – and what I m dressed in right now is not appropriate for this windy day. Latterly, I hear a honk and I instantly redirect my immersion on a sterling colored convertible. By slowly scrunching up my eyes, I catch a glimpse of Nicholas approaching noticed†¦show more content†¦The fleeting rapidness of the vehicle prompted my body to hold on for dear life as it tensed exceedingly. Um, I gulp. You might want to slow down; you re driving too fast. Oh am I now? He says amusingly. I like to go hasty. Excuse me? Don t pretend as if you didn t hear me, Madison. Fuck you. Fuck you too. Fuck you more, I blurt out. Ensuing my reply, I envisaged that my response was not appropriate, but rather far beyond indiscreet. Ugh, my misstatement. Sorry about the attitude, It s that time of the month again. You do? Well, I m so glad about that – No, not really. I m just fucking with you, He jocularly mentions. Seriously speaking, you re a very fluctuating person. I worry about you sometimes. I feel my cheeks burn, conjointly giving him a weak smile, I m used to people saying that to me. There s this one time I purposely spilled a blistering hot coffee on my ex boyfriend three years ago, and another one from last year. What did you do to him? Nicholas questions. You don t want to know. I snicker. But intrinsically, he got hospitalized for about 3 whole months because of me! Could you believe that? Unfortunately, yes! He mimics my accent, abruptly heaving his hands from the steering wheel. I ve heard you also electrified a man with a Taser gun – a fucking Taser gun, Madison. It was for safety purposes, Mr. Wagner. Right, safety. At that instant, a